.bk JP
.fl ZK304pC.j
.fd specific labels JP
.rd ZK304
.ri pC
.ed ZK304
.ei pC
;architecture
;stone walls
^ wall1
df wall
>l J6f218
>l J6f219
>l J4f10
sm Revetment wall, retaining wall, temenos wall in J6
ds Stone wall east west oriented, beginning northeast of staircase ^stair2, continues to the east for 7.60m, turns north with a 90° angle continuing for 6.60m. The structure is not completely exposed, but for what is possible to understand, it consists of one single wall which on the southern side is 9 rows high and for the eastern side only 4 rows are exposed (max height 3.25m). The masonry is the same for all the lower portion; the upper part instead is damaged and consists in an irregular laid stones. To the east and to the south an earth escarpment J6^glacis8 and J6^glacis9 abuts it.
ht 325cm
wd 250cm
lg 760cm
el 9050 bottom
el 9330 top
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
F99 ^stair2 abuts the southern face of the wall
I3 EDIII
I10 EDIII glacis abuts its lower course
M1 Create a boundary for the temple terrace to the North. It reitains BT^glacis1 located directly to its north.
A35 L_V22d9002 J6v241 T910 jG.jpg
^ wall2
df wall
>l J6f129
>l J6f130
>l J2f129
>l J6f127
>l J6f100
>l J6f177
>l J6f186
>l J6f256
sm eastern staircase flank wall in J6
ds Wall with north-northeast, south-southwest orientation flanking the staircase in J2 for all its length. The wall is 12.67m long, 1.58m wide at the base and 1.20m wide at the top. It starts at the southern side with two stones set in oblique fashion (Betili f100, f177, and stone f186) and ends abutting JP^wall1. The stones do not have structural function, but are decorative. The point of the eastern stone is inserted into the joint of the wall. Between the stones, the thin joint is filled with mortar. Between the backside of the western stone and the face of the wall, mudbricks are laid to give the same inclination as the eastern stone, which is thicker in width. The eastern face of the wall is exposed up to the base in a deep sounding. Here the wall is 8 courses high (2.85m). The northern end of the wall is only 1.80m high and rests on top of a mudbrick wall (f324). The masonry consists of medium sized (20 to 50cm wide, 15 to 40cm high) irregular and angular shaped bloks, roughly dressed and with flat sides, set in horizontally laid courses with mortar betwheen the joints.The wall is built on top of the slope of the mound and in several portions under JPw2, there are other structures: in the mid portion, where the wall is exposed for its maximum height, the first 2 courses belong probably to another wall with a southwest-northeast direction. This portion of the wall consists of undressed medium sized stones laid in uneven courses and the wide joints are filled with mudbricks and mud mortar. The wall is buttressed in the south western end. The buttress is 1.20 m wide at the base and sticks out for ca. 0.15 m, in respect of the remaining portion of the wall. The buttress has a base made of 3 to 4 small stones, sticking out by 0.14 m, also giving a base to the 3rd step of JPs2. The first 4 steps of JPs2 are built in such a way that they adapt themselves to JPw2. At approximately three quarters of the way along the wall, in the northern portion, the eastern face is irregular. The first two courses are set regularly in line with the rest of the wall, whereas the third row is shifted to the west, creating a bench of about 0.35 m (Pl. 51a). The fourth course consists of 11 small and medium-sized stones, curving slightly to the west at the southern end and overlaying step 19 of JPs2 (Pl. 47c, d). The entire upper southern portion of the wall (first 7 m) is covered by large and medium-sized angular flat stones, resting on top of a thick and irregular layer of mud (f127).
el 9100 top
el 8835 bottom
D99 elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
ht 2.85m
wd 1.58m
wd 1.20m
lg 12.67m
F99 JP^stair2 abuts the western face of the wall
or north-northeast, south-southwest
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 EDIII
I10 EDIII layers abuts its lower course
M1 Flanks for all the length JP^stair2. The function is of prevent that the staircase get damaged from the side, but also has the function of create a boundary of the sacred space, represented by the monumental staircase.
A35 V22d4094 J6v193 T811 dM.jpg
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ wall3
df wall
>l J6f227
sm Stone wall
ds Stone wall east-west oriented, two stones wide and two rows high, partly exposed. It is perpendicular to wall f129 and continues into the east section (to be further exposed). The wall has the same orientation of JP^wall6 and JP^wall12. North of JP^wall11 an earth glacis slopes down toward south reaching the back of the wall: possibly only the southern face was visible. The upper row is damaged by a pit a8 which removed some stones. Rubble stone masonry. Stones are set in rows embedded into mud mortar. Medium size stones, irregular in form, with nicer side on the top and on the southern face, so that the wall looks more regular. Smaller stones fill gaps in the joints. The southern face is more regular, the back side is rough and irregular.
M99 a screen wall (or courtain wall): it is not free standing while only the southern face is well set, while the northern is very irregular. While the bottom was not reached we cannot know how it goes deep, but probably not too high.
M1 The function is probably of terracing the mound (note that south and north of the wall there is a notable slope. Another possibility is that the wall is the eastern continuation of the revetment wall.
el 9009 top
D99 elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings.
ht 40cm
wd 90cm
lg 3.20m
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 EDIII
I10 EDIII layers abut it
F99 it abuts JP^wall2
A35 L_V22d9001 J6v240 T910 jG.jpg
^ wall4
df wall
>l J2f127
sm western staircase flank wall of JP^apr1 in J2
ds Wall JPw4 flanks the first 12 steps of JP^apron2 for a length of 6.70 m and a width of between 0.78 m to 1.00 m, since the southern portion is narrower than the northern one. The six preserved courses are randomly set. They consist of large, medium and small-sized undressed stones, the joints are irregular and filled with mud mortar and small stones. The wall starts in the south with a large set oblique stone and in line with the western portion of the first step of JP^apron1, which in this side consists of a patch of several medium to small stones, which are not in line with the front line of the rest of the step. The wall is built on top of a gentle slope with a gradient toward the south, so that the southern portion is 1.55 m high and the northern portion is 1.80 m high (there still should be a lower course, which has not been exposed yet). The first 7 steps of JP^apron1 are lower than the wall, instead steps 8-12 are located on top of it. JP^wall4 abuts the southern face of the revetment wall JP^wall6. From step 13 to step 15 of JP^apron1 there is no flank wall.
M1 Flank wall for the apron
ht 1.80m
wd 75cm
wd 1m
lg 6.70m
el 8800 bottom
el 8990 top
or north-northeast, south-southwest
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 late EDIII
I10 late EDIII floors abut its lower course
A35 L_V18d2202 J2v141a P913 dM.jpg
F99 abuts JP^apron1 and JP^wall6
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ wall6
df wall
>l J2f128
>l J3f11
>l J1f72
>l J5f189
sm Revetment wall in J2, J3, J1, J5. Temenos wall bonding the terrace mound from the south and southwest
ds The revetment wall consists of one long wall, bounding the mound on its western and south-western sides. The upper rows have been exposed through excavation, so it is possible to follow it for a length of 54m. It starts in the west in unit J5, on top of JP^wall8 and under JP^wall11 and JP^wall9. In this portion the wall curves slightly to the south-east for 13 m and then continues without interruption in an almost straight line with north-west, south-east orientation for a length of 41 m through units J5, J1, J3, J2 up to JP^apron1. The wall is not exposed everywhere in the same way and, for half of its length, it is excavated only for its upper 1-3 courses (unit J3). In the first western half (unit J5), the wall is visible for its entire height and in unit J1, even the base is visible. In the western portion, in unit J2 it is again visible for nearly its entire height. In unit J5, the western portion of the wall is 2.30 m high. In unit J1, the stones of the first course are set directly on top of the soil and no foundation pit or particular foundations are visible. Here the wall reaches its maximum height of 3.05 m. In unit J3 it is only exposed for the upper courses. In unit J2 it is again exposed up to a height of 2.80 m, but not to the lowermost level of the base. The width of the wall is first established in unit J3, where it is 3 stones wide and measures on the upper part about 2.00 m. In this particular portion of the wall, a trench 3 m deep was excavated just behind the wall. While the outer exposed face of the wall is regular, the inner face is irregular, the stones are not aligned and there is a packing of the local virgin soil (baqaya) between the large joints of the stones and the layer of baqaya covers all the back of the wall. The upper courses of the wall are leaning to the back. JP^wall in Unit J1 is slight moved toward outside, showing that behind the wall there is a pressure caused by the fill behind it.
ht 2.30m (J5)
ht 3.05m (J1)
ht 3m (J2)
wd 1.60m
wd 1.80m
lg 54m
el 8750 bottom J5
el 8990 top J5
el 8640 bottom J1
el 8985 top J1
el 9120 top J3
el 8815 bottom J3
el 8810 bottom J2
el 9150 top J2
or northwest-southeast
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 early EDIII
I10 several early EDIII layers abut its lower course
M1 Bond the terrace mound, create a face to the mound, enclose as emenos the sacred space
A35 L_V18d2189 J2v134 P912 dM.jpg
A35 L_V18d3122 J3v44a P917 dm.jpg
A35 L_V18d3125 J3v46 P917 dm.jpg
A35 L_V19d1009 J1v127 Q814 dM.jpg
A35 L_V22d3156 J5v214b T830 dM.jpg
F99 (notes on contact association)
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
R2 (comparative typologies)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ wall7
df wall
sm two large stone walls forming an "L" shaped structure
ds Two stone walls in Unit J1. They are bounded and set perpendicular to each other. The western wall runs in a south-west, north-east direction and is for the excavated portion 4.45 m long, one stone wide and 6 courses high for a preserved maximal height of 1.5 m. The northern wall runs from north-west to south-east and is 4.55 m long for the exposed portion. Consisting of six courses, the wall has a maximum height of 1.55 metres and is only one stone wide. The first course consists of large stone blocks set on top of mudbricks. The walls are not straight, but lean against the soil. The back of the walls is irregular, i.e. the visible face is the southern and eastern side. The walls lean against the soil, which indicates that they were constructed after the soil was laid down. This means they have a retaining function and are not freestanding. The walls are built from large, rectangular and undressed stones set in irregular courses. The joints are uneven and filled with a mixture of mud, mortar and small stones. The walls have partly collapsed, as can be seen in the northern part of the western wall and the eastern part of the northern wall. Several large stones, probably from the collapse, were found during the excavations in front of the walls, which suggests that the walls were originally much higher.
>l J1f288
>l J1f259
ht 1.5m
wd 1.50m
lg 4.45m
wm lime stone
el 8650 top
el 8525 bottom
cn partly collapsed
I3 bevor EDII
I10 EDII layers cover it
M1 possibly is an early version of the revetment wall
A35 V22d1215 J1v438 T901 dM.jpg
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ wall8
df wall
sm earlier version of the revetment wall
ds a wall segment located directly under JP^wall6 in unit J5. It is a stone wall with a north-west, south-east orientation. The visible portion is 0.40 m in height (at least 2 courses high) and 0.50 m in width. It runs almost straight for 4.40 m, and consists of at least two medium stones set next to each other. The wall has a slightly different orientation from JP^wall6. The stones are angular and parallelepiped in form with the flat face showing on the visible side. The joints are narrow and filled with mud mortar and small stones. JP^escarpment3 touches the first visible western stone. The wall continues to the east under earth JP^escarpment2.
H3 can be the eastern continuation of JPw13, which at a certain moment collapsed and was rebuilt as JP^wall6 or JP^wall8 is, similar to JP^wall7, related to a previous situation of the Temple Terrace.
>l J5f284
ht 40cm
w1 50cm
lg 4.40m
el 8750 top
wm lime stone
F99 under JP^wall6
I3 bevor EDIII
I10 EDIII JP^wall6 overlays it
M1 possibly is an early version of the revetment wall
A35 L_V22d3180 J5v223d T930 dM.jpg
^ wall9
df wall
sm wall in J5
>l J5f186
ds JP^wall9 is set perpendicular to JP^wall11 and on top of JP^wall6. The upper course is at the same level of JP^wall6. It runs to the north-east and continues for 2.50 m until it disappears under the topsoil. Only the upper two courses of the wall are exposed and therefore it is not possible to understand its construction and function. It is built of large, medium rough stones with small stones and mud mortar located between the joints. The wall is 2 stones wide in the northern portion, whereas in the southern portion, where it joins JP^wall11 it is 4-5 stones wide.
ht 40cm
wd 2m
lg 2.50m
el 9044 top
or southwest-northeast
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn unknown
I3 unknown
I10 the wall was not excavated, only the first upper rows are visible.
M1 possibly a Mittani construction phase of the revetment wall
A35 L_V21d4285 J5v131 S903 dM.jpg
F99 possibly joins JP^wall11
^ wall10
df wall
sm memory stones of revetment wall
ds 1 row of stones set on top of JP^wall11 running for 7.9 m in a north-northeast direction, it curves to the southeast, following the orientation of JP^wall11.
>l J5f192
>l J5f151
ht 40cm
wd 40-60cm
lg 7.9m
el 9082 top
or north-northeast
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 Mittani
I10 part of a mittani construction phase of the revetment wall
M1 limit sacred area
A35 L_V21d4292 J5v135 S908 dM.jpg
F99 on top of JP^wall11
^ wall11
df wall
ds The first visible section of JP^wall11 is located on top of JP^wall13, where it is preserved to a height of only two courses and a width of three stones, extending for 3.60 m in a north-northeast direction beneath JP^wall10. The stones of ^wall10 are set directly on top of the outer face of the wall. JP^wall11 then bends eastward, following the alignment of the underlying JP^wall6. At its eastern end, the wall appears to be bonded with JP^wall9.
sm Mittani construction phase of revetment wall in J5
>l J5f3
>l J5f198
ht 1.30m
wd 2m
lg 10m
el 9041 top
or north-northeast, northwest-southeast
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 Mittani
I10 part of a mittani construction phase of the revetment wall
M1 limit sacred area
A35 L_V22d3184 J5v224a T903 fAB.jpg
F99 on top of JP^wall13 and JP^wall6, bonds with JP^wall9
^ wall12
df wall
>l J5f276
sm line of stones west of JP^stair3
ds composed of only four medium-sized stones, is located along the base of the substructure of JP^stair3. Since only a limited section of the wall was exposed, its precise relationship to the staircase remains unclear; however, its stones are set at the same elevation as the first step.
ht 30cm
wd 60cm
lg 2m
el 8938 top
or North
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
I3 Mittani
I10 (reason of date)
M1 not clear, possibly a flank wall of JP^stair3
A35 L_V22d3164 J5v218 T830 dM.jpg
F99 abut ^stair3
^ wall13
df wall
ds westernmost exposed section of the revetment wall. It is first encountered beneath the first step of JP^stair3 and under JP^bin1, where only a few stones are visible. The wall reappears as a segment, about 1.60 m in width. It extends for 4.70 m in a north-south direction, curving slightly to the east. Approximately half of the wall face is covered by JP^stair3, which was constructed directly against its lower portion. JP^escarpment2 abuts the lowest course of the wall. The wall disappears under JP^wall11 and the accumulation supporting it. JP^wall13 is preserved to a height of approximately 2 m and consists of six to seven irregular courses of undressed, angular stones of medium size. The joints are packed with mud mortar and small stones. The base of the wall was not exposed, as JP^escarpment2 covers its lowest course. Despite the irregularity of the stones, the wall face appears relatively regular because the flatter surfaces of the stones were carefully set facing outward. The uppermost course is stepped, causing the wall to rise from south to north by approximately 0.60 m. The northern end reaches an elevation of 9056 m, whereas the southern end lies at 8991 m. The continuation of the revetment wall beyond this point remains unclear.
>l J5f99
>l J5f41
ht 2 m
wd 1.60 m
lg 4.70 m
el 9056 top
or north-south
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 EDIII
I10 EDIII stone escarpment abuts it
M1 revetment wall, temenos
A35 L_V22d3164 J5v218 T830 dM.jpg
F99 JP^escarpment2 abuts it
^ wall14
df wall
>l J5f19
ds a line of stones running northwest to southeast, turning after 2 m to the south
ht 30 cm
wd 60 cm
lg 2.30 m
el 9162 top
or northwest-southeast
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
I3 Mittani
I10 mittani construction phase
M1 delimit an area to the south
A35 L_V21d4279 J5v128a S903 dM.jpg
F99 (notes on contact association)
^ wall15
df wall
ds an irregular line of medium and small undressed stones, running North-South, starting to the south of JP^wall16. The wall is not compleatly exposed for the upper part and is not well defined
>l J5f140
ht 10cm
wd 90 cm
lg 3 m
el 9166 top
or North-South
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
I3 Mittani
I10 part of Mittani construction phase
M1 delimit an area or foundation for some kind of construction together with JP^wall16 JP^wall17, JP^wall18, JP^wall14, east of the staircase
A35 L_V21d4189 J5v83d S816 dM.jpg
F99 Abuts JP^wall16
^ wall16
df wall
sm northern flank wall of JP^stair4 in J5
ds The northern side of JP^stair4 is flanked by JP^wall16. It measures 8.73 m in length and about 1 m in width. The wall is east-west oriented, and starts directly north of step 3 of JP^stair4, flanking it up to step 5 and continuing to the east. It bounds a flat area in the south, where other small stone structures and walls are located. The wall is not exposed for all its length and height: it is 1 to 2 stones high, built of rough stones and the joints are filled with mud. The wall is bonded to the stair: the first two steps in the western northern side are also the western beginning of the wall.
>l J5f14
>l J5f109
ht 50 cm
wd 1 m
lg 8.73 m
el 9123 top
el 9185 top
or east-west
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 Mittani
I10 mittani construction phase
M1 stair flank wall
A35 L_V21d4099 J5v45a S730 dM.jpg
F99 bonded to JP^stair4
^ wall17
df wall
ds located approximately 1 m east of JP^wall15 and runs parallel to it. It consists of a short wall segment measuring about 93 cm in length, constructed of medium-sized, undressed stones. The wall is preserved to a height of at least two courses.
>l J5f142
ht 40cm
wd 90cm
lg 93 cm
el 9171 top
or North-South
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
I3 Mittani
I10 Mittani construction phase
M1 unknown
A35 L_V21d4188 J5v83c S816 dM.jpg
F99 abuts JP^wall16
^ wall18
df wall
ds A wall segment north-south oriented set perpendicular to JP^wall16. Only the upper course is exposed. Build up of undressed stones of medium and small dimensions, for a width of 2 stones (about 1 m) and a length of 3.5 m.
>l J5f123
ht 50cm
wd 1 m
lg 3.5 m
el 9146 top
or north-south
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
I3 Mittani
I10 mittani construction phase
M1 delimit an area to the east
A35 L_V21d4276 J5v127 S903 dM.jpg
F99 (notes on contact association)
;LC3-EDII mudbrick walls
^ wall5
df wall
>l J6f324
sm a small portion of a mudbrick wall under JP^wall1 and JP^wall2
ds mud brick wall, partly visible between JP^wall1 and JP^wall2, both overlaying it. It is 9 brick high and has a east-west orientation. The bricks are laid in regular rows sloping slightly north. The bricks are made by a reddish earth with white inclusions (the source of the earth is a natural virgin soil which in this area has a typical red coloration)
ht 60cm
wd 30cm
lg unknown
el 9155 top
or unknown
I3 before EDIII
I10 EDIII stone walls cover it
M1 unknown
A35 L_V22d9005 J6v244 T910 jG.jpg
F99 under JP^wall1 and JP^wall2
wm mudbrick
^ wf1
A35 L_V22d3164 J5v218 T830 dM.jpg
df wall face
ds Western wall face of the western piece of JP^wall13 in J5. The wall face consists of six irregular courses of medium-sized stones. The masonry is composed of stones of varying quality, ranging from unshaped, rounded rough blocks to roughly parallelepipedal blocks. The courses are arranged so that each stone in an upper course is positioned over the joint between two stones in the course below, thereby enhancing the stability of the structure. The joints, measuring between 2 and 10 cm in thickness, are filled with mud mortar containing a small number of stone inclusions. The lowest visible course is partially obscured by the obliquely laid stones of JP^escarpment1.
^ wf2
A35 L_V22d3125 J5v201 T817 dM.jpg
A35 L_V22d3156 J5v214b T830 dM.jpg
A35 L_22d3175 J5v222c T902 fAB.jpg
df wall face
ds southwestern wall face of the western section of JP^wall6 in J5, immediately after the wall curves eastward. The first course of the wall is founded directly on top of JP^wall8. The exposed face consists of seven irregular courses of predominantly medium-sized stones, with a few large blocks. The masonry is composed of stones of varying quality, ranging from unshaped, rounded rough blocks to roughly parallelepipedal blocks. The lower three courses are assigned to JP^wall6 and are comparatively regular, with each stone in an upper course positioned over the joint between two stones in the course below, creating a bonded masonry pattern. The joints range from 2 to 30 cm in thickness and are filled with mud mortar, with smaller stones used as chinking in the wider joints. From the fourth course upward, the masonry becomes less regular, with larger, roughly rounded stones and joints reaching up to 40 cm in thickness. This upper portion of the wall is assigned to JP^wall9 and JP^wall10.
^ wf3
df wall face
A35 L_V21d4287 J5v132 S903 dM.jpg
A35 L_V18d1092 J1v90b p823 dM.jpg
ds Southwestern wall face of the western section of JP^wall6 in J5 and J1, continuing east of JP^wf2. Five courses are visible, as the lowest two or three courses are obscured by JP^escarpment2. The exposed masonry consists of regular courses built of predominantly medium- and small-sized stones, including both roughly parallelepipedal blocks and rounded rough stones. A single larger block occurs in the first visible course. The joints range from 2 to 20 cm in thickness and are filled with mud mortar with small stone inclusions. The masonry is laid in a bonded pattern, with each stone in an upper course positioned over the joint between two stones in the course below, thereby enhancing the stability of the wall.
^ wf4
df wall face
A35 L_V18d1108 J1v115b P906 dM.jpg
A35 L_V19d1009 J1v127 Q814 dM.jpg
ds Southwestern wall face of JP^wall6 in J1. The wall face consists of eleven irregular courses of predominantly medium- and small-sized stones. The masonry is composed of stones ranging from roughly rounded blocks to a few roughly parallelepipedal ones. The joints are generally regular, measuring between 2 and 10 cm in thickness, and are filled with mud mortar. The first course is built of parallelepipedal stones, whose lower faces form a regular line that rises gently towards the west and rests directly on the soil. Throughout the wall face, each stone in an upper course is positioned over the joint between two stones in the course below, producing a characteristic triangular bonding pattern that extends continuously from the first to the uppermost preserved course.
^ wf5
df wall face
A35 L_V18d2123 J2v98 P824 dM.jpg
A35 L_V18d2189 J2v134 P912 dM.jpg
ds Southwestern wall face of JP^wall6 in J2. The exposed wall face consists of ten to eleven irregular courses. The lower five courses are built of predominantly medium-sized, roughly rounded stones, together with several large, roughly parallelepipedal blocks; small stones are also incorporated into the masonry. From the sixth course upward, the western portion of the wall face is disturbed. Stones are missing from an area approximately 1 m wide and 2 m high, apparently as the result of a collapse. Two additional courses have been preserved above this collapsed section. In the eastern portion of the wall face, the masonry remains regular and comparable to the lower courses. The joints range from 2 to 10 cm in thickness and are filled with mud mortar. The uppermost preserved course is highly irregular, reflecting further stone collapse. On the western side, the wall face is partially obscured by JP^wall4, which abuts it over a length of approximately 80 cm.
^ wf6
df wall face
A35 L_V22d9002 J6v241 T910 jG.jpg
A35 L_V22d4124 J6v211 T825 dM.jpg
ds Southern wall face of JP^wall1 in J6. The exposed wall face consists of nine irregular courses built of predominantly medium-sized stones, with a few larger blocks. The masonry comprises both roughly parallelepipedal and unshaped, roughly rounded stones. The first visible course is represented by a single angular stone, while the second course is exposed only by another angular stone. Three stones are visible in the third course. These three lowest courses are arranged in a stepped configuration. Beneath the westernmost stone of each course is a mudbrick wall, on which the stones are founded. The following five courses are regular, with joints measuring 2–10 cm in thickness and filled with mud mortar. The western end of the wall face is partially obscured by JP^wall2, which abuts the southern face of JP^wall1. The wall continues behind JP^wall2 and JP^stair2, where it interrupts. The upper two courses are irregular, consisting of large, medium-sized, and small stones, with joints ranging from 5 to 40 cm in thickness. Several stones of the uppermost course have collapsed. Above this course, the masonry is continued by a layer of small stones, the function of which remains uncertain. The western portion of the wall face is visible for the upper 3-4 courses. The masonry is the same as to the western portion.
;apron
^ apron1
df apron
>l J2f131
>l B6f7
Q4 B6-Inst. 15
B13 To the east, it is flanked by JP^stair2; to the west, it is flanked by the lower half of flank JP^wall4.
ds A monumental stepped stone structure with 21 steps, rising 5.20 m in height. It is parallelogram shaped and inclined to the west by 20cm. The height of the steps in the lower half corresponds to the height of the steps in the JP^stair2, whereas in the upper half the steps are higher. The first two steps at the top are missing. Below the upper steps is visible the mudbrick glacis BT^glacis1. lower portion (step 1-7): 7.80 m wide and 4 m long, the tread depth is between 60 to 80 cm, the riser height is between 20-30 cm: it is therefore quite steep. The steps are set more or less parallel to each other and are built up of 8-10 large flat angular stones with plane surfaces, parallelepiped in form. Mud mortar fills the joints, which are quite irregular, depending on the form of the stones. If the joints are too large, small stones are set to fill the empty space, especially underneath the stone. Each stone is partly overlapped by the stone of the higher step. The stones of the steps are regular in dimensions, except for the sides: to the western side, where JP^wall4 flanks the steps, there are some irregularities. Upper portion (step 8-21): built of 6 to 12 large, medium and small sized angular stones with plain surfaces, but for many of the steps, stones are missing (steps 10, 18, 19, 20, 21) and in several cases the stones are moved from their original position, so that the front edge of all steps is irregular. The western side of steps 16 to 21 is built as a wall 20-50 cm high, 1 to 2 stones wide for about 1 m in width and 7 m in length (continues to the north under accumulations). The wall slopes up, since it is built on top of a slope with a gradient toward the south. The structure is clearly laid on top of an accumulation, which lies on top of a mudbrick B6f4. The western side has a clear edge, whereas the eastern portion is irregular and leans against the mudbrick BT^glacis1. The wall has the function of flank wall for JP^apron1 and BT^glacis1.
B20 21 steps
B21 Step 1-2: the first 1.50 m of the first western two steps consists of a patch of medium and small sized stones, which are not in line with the rest of the step but in line with the edge of the western flank JP^wall4. Step 2-4 JP^wall4 overlaps the first western stones. Steps 3-7: regular. Step 6-7: The first western stones are smaller than the other stones. The eastern side also presents few irregularities: the first eastern stones of steps 4-7 are smaller than the rest of the stones of the same step. Step 8-9: the first four western stones are covered by an accumulation which covered in the second millennium the lower portion of the staircase. On top of this accumulation and a few medium-sized stones is located a large block, 1.50 x 1.10 x 0.45 m in dimensions. Step 10: In the eastern side 1 or 2 stones are missing, so that instead of stones, is found only soil and several small stones, probably a substructure for the larger missing blocks. Step 11-13: in the middle portion the stones have sunk by a few centimeters. Step 13-15: the western side of these steps is laid on top of JP^wall6. Step 12-21: at the eastern edge stones are located at a higher elevation with respect to JP^stair2. Here seems that the level where the stones of JP^apron1 are laid is, in this portion, higher than the level stones of JP^stair2 are laid. The eastern stones of JP^apron1 (steps 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21) overlay the steps of JP^stair2 (steps 18, 19, 21, 22, 23). Step 14-21: the steps width range between 8 m and 5 m, as the steps progressively narrow as they proceed north. The steps are irregular: the tread depth ranges between 50-60 cm and the height varies from 20-35 cm. Step 17-21: On the eastern side stones of the steps 19-21 are missing.
wm lime stone
sz 133x70x35 60x60x30 25x40x20 cm
nm size of stones large, medium and small
sh irregualr rectangular
cn lower half well preserved, upper half damaged (missing stones, moved, upper two rows are missing)
or The steps are oriented to the north, but the stair has a north-east axis, like the flank walls
sl 30°
ht 5.20 m
wd 7.80 m
wd 5 m
L99 The steps are made of medium-sized, irregularly shaped stones arranged in regular lines. The upper stone overlaps the lower stone by 2 up to 5cm. Smaller stones are set under the steps to adjust for their uneven backsides. Some larger stones are positioned beneath the step stones to form a substructure.
I3 EDIII A
I10 ED III JP^floor1 abuts the lower excavated step.
M1 The purpose of the structure is unclear. It was possibly built to overcome the height difference between the plaza and the terrace. However, the steps are too high to climb comfortably. It may have been intended for use as a seating area. The structure is monumental in size.
A35 V22d2010 J2v152 T721 dM.jpg
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
R2 (comparative typologies)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ apron2
df apron
sm second apron in J2 and J3.
>l J2f132
>l J3f10
>l J3f556
>l J3f532
B13 north of the eastern end of revetment wall JP^wall6 and west of the upper portion of JP^apron1.
ds The stone-stepped structure is preserved as a trapezoidal feature extending approximately 17 m in an east–west direction. At its eastern end it measures 5.50 m in length and is constructed so that the stepped portion is approximately 5 m wide, rising to a height of about 1.50 m. From this point westward, the structure gradually descends, becoming progressively narrower until it merges into a flat surface. The entire structure rests on a accumulations. In its eastern portion, the structure is composed of medium-sized, flat, angular stones with smooth surfaces. These are arranged in twelve well-defined steps, with risers ranging from 0.10 to 0.30 m in height and treads measuring 0.40–0.50 m in depth. Each upper stone slightly overlaps the one below by a few centimeters, creating a stable stepped profile. The stepped portion has a clearly defined eastern edge and is separated from JP^apron1 by a 0.70 m-wide gap. Mudbricks are visible within this gap, suggesting that the two structures were originally separated by a mudbrick construction or fill. The western portion of the structure is less well preserved, with numerous stones missing. Here the construction consists of small-, medium-, and large-sized undressed stones arranged without the regularity observed in the eastern section. Large blocks are placed adjacent to much smaller stones, resulting in wide joints. Although the masonry appears comparatively loose, the stones are still arranged in roughly parallel rows that continue the alignment of the stepped courses visible in the eastern portion of the glacis. The glacis terminates abruptly at its western end.
B20 12 steps
B21 Step 1: 80cm wide, two medium size stones laid next to revetment wall JP^wall6, but having no direct contact. The remaining portion of the step is missing creating an empty space of ca. 1.80 m. Step 2-3: 2.60 m wide, 3-5 small and medium size stones. Remaining portion of the step is missing. Step 4-6: 9 m long, about 18-22 small, medum and large stones set in an irregular step. Step 7-9: 7 m wide, ca. 18 small and medium size stones set in irregular step. Step 10: 4.5 m wide, 11 small and medium size stones set in irregular step. Step 11: 3.5 m wide, 8 medium size stones set in regular step. Step 12: 2 m wide, 5 small and medium size stones set in regular step.
sl 17°
ht 1.50 m
wd 17 m
lg 5.50 m
el 9160 m bottom
el 9335 m top
or SSW-NNE
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
sz 110x65 94x50x20 18x12x9 cm
nm size of stones large, medium and small
sh rectangular, square, irregualr
cn The construction is well preserved in the eastern portion but damaged in the western side.
I3 Mittani
I10 (reason of date)
M1 protecting this particular portion of the mound, avoiding erosion.
A35 L_V19d2380 J3v161 Qx08 dM.jpg
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
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;stair
^ stair1
df staircase
sm early staircase
>l J2f380
ds Early staircase under JP^stair2 in J2. Three steps are exposed for a width of 2.35m. The steps continue to the east and west under thick layers of accumulations and floors. The steps are made of large and medium sized roughly dressed limestone blocks with flat plain surface. Under the larger stones there are small stones and a layer of mud mortar in order to level the uneven backside of the stones. The third and last step is overlapped by the large stones under the first step JP^stair2 and between the stones there is a 5 cm thick layer of mortar. These large stones may belong to the first step of JP^apron1, which is not yet exposed, but only visible in this part. The first step of JP^apron1 is therefore located above ^stair1 and under JP^stair2.
B20 3 steps
B21 First step: 0.40 m high, 0.20 m deep, with a width of 1.98 m. 4 medium stones laid approximately in a straight line on top of a row of stones, which are set straight with the front line of the stones above, forming a kind of shallow wall. This rests on top of a reddish lens of baqaya and small stones (J2f391). Second step: overlaps the first and consists of 4 medium sized stones laid parallel to the first step. The step is 1.97 m wide with a tread depth of 0.46 m and a tread height of 0.20 m. Third step: 4 large stone blocks laid parallel to the previous steps. It is 2.35 m wide with a tread depth of 0.69 m and a height of 0.20 m.
wm lime stone
wd 2.35 m
ht 80 cm
lg 1.80 m
sz 60x15, 45x20, 20x40 cm
nm size of stones large, medium and small
tx smooth and flat for most of the stones
sh rectangular and square, but irregualr
el 8620 bottom
el 8700 top
or south-north
nm size of stones large, medium and small
sh irregualr rectangular
cn well preserved
I3 EDII
I10 EDII (Ninivite V) floors and pavements abut the steps (J2^pv1, J2^pv2, J2^pv3)
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
M1 overcome height difference between plaza and terrace
A35 L_V22d2162 J2v209 T901 dM.jpg
F99 coverd by ^apron1 and ^stair2
Q3 (project publications)
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N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ stair2
>l J2f131
df stair
ds staircase with 25 steps overcoming a high of 6.20 m. The stair is 1.70 wide in its lower portion, and 2.40 m wide in the upper portion. All the eastern side is flanked by a stone wall ^wall2. The first 13 steps consist of fairly regular rectangular blocks and each second step consists of 2 large blocks, approximately the same height of the steps of the western stair JPs3 (Pl. 82). The 2 large stones are overlapped by 4 to 6 medium sized rectangular stones. In this way, the stair is comfortable to ascend for the regular riser height of 0.16-0.18 m and tread depth of 0.35 m. Under the medium size stones small stones are laid to adjust the uneven back side of the stone. The first 4 steps are 1.50 m wide, in conjunction with the buttress of ^wall2. The base of the buttress is overlaid by 0.10 m by the eastern stone of step 3
B13 east of ^apron1 and west of ^wall2
wm lime stone
sz 68x63x18, 38x68x16, 34x21x14 cm
B20 25 steps
B21 first step: 1.80 m in width, consists of 2 large rectangular blocks (each 42 cm and 66 cm wide) laid on top of 3 rectangular and roughly dressed stones belonging to the first step of ^apron1. This step is about 0.13-0.20 m in height, so that the overall height of the first step is 0.50 m (too high to be used as a step). The three stones extend for 2 m in length and the western stone provides the base for a stone, square in form, laid directly west of the first step and in line with the front line of the step. It is however set 5 cm deeper. Since step 1 is wider than the other steps, the western stone extends 0.30 m in front of the first eastern stone of step 1 of ^apron1 and is located at the same level as this step. The eastern stone of step 1 of ^stair2 is 0.20 m longer than the western one. Step 1 and 2 create a clear edge to the east and do not have any physical relation to ^wall2. Step 2: the stones are laid on top of step 1, whereas the western stone is narrower and the stones of step 2 lay on mud mortar. Step 3: Step 3 is moved slightly to the east and is set on the eastern portion on top of the base of the buttress of ^wall2. On the western stone of step 3, there is an artificial hole 5 cm in diameter. Steps 4-13: very homogeneous, keep a step width of approximately 1.80 m. Step 14: large rough stone with an uneven surface, resting on top of accumulations, pebbles and sherds mark a change in appearance, construction and state of preservation in ^stair2. Step 15-25: each step consists of 2 to 4 large and medium sized poorly dressed stones. The width of the steps ranges between 2.40 m and 2.80 m and have a preserved height of about 30-40 cm m. The entire western edge is damaged and the relation with the upper portion of ^apron1 is not clear. There are several stones, medium sized in dimensions, which can be assigned to stair ^stair2, since the stones lay at the same elevation as the steps and the front line of the stones is aligned to the steps, but the stones have been moved from their original position. Step 15: 7 stones arranged in two lines, so that the tread is 80 cm in depth. The western stone of the first line has clearly been moved from its original position. The step is at the same elevation and in line with step 12 of ^apron1. Step 16: one 36 cm small deep rectangular stone, overlapping by a few centimeters the lower stone. These two stones are the only preserved intermediate steps of all the upper steps of ^stair2. Steps 17-19: two large blocks and one or two small stones with a sharp front edge and an irregular back side, 2.20 m wide, 70 cm deep and 30 cm high. Steps 21-23: ca. 2.70 m wide and 30-40 cm high with a tread depth of 70 cm. They consist of 3-4 large, medium and small sized stones with a sharp front edge. The western stone of step 22 is missing and smaller stones are preserved, creating part of the substructure for the larger stone. Step 24: 2 large rectangular stones and one small stone, 40 cm high and 35 cm deep; on the eastern stone several cup marks are incised, which are also visible on step 25. Step 25: 2 large stones and a smaller one, which is moved a few degrees to the east. Directly under step 24 and 25 there are mudbricks.
nm size of stones large, medium and small
tx smooth and flat for most of the stones
sh rectangular and square, but irregualr
cn The lower part is well built and well preserved, however the upper portion is damaged and the construction is different. The divergence between the two portions corresponds to the same discrepancy between the lower and upper portions of ^apron1. From step 14, the next 10 steps are extremely damaged while the intermediate stones are completely missing (except for steps 16 and 20) so that only the larger stones are preserved.
or The access to the stair is not perpendicular to the front line of the first step, instead each step is slightly shifted to the east
sl 30°
or SSW-NNE
E99 step axis is moved a few degrees to the east from step 14
ht 6m
L99 The steps consist in medium large undressed stones laid in regular lines. The upper stone overlays for 2-5 cm the lower stone. Smaller stones are set under the step stones to adjust the irregular back side of the stone. Some larger stones are located under steps stones as substructure. Pitch is XX
I3 EDIII
I10 ED III floor abuts the lower excavated step, to the north the steps are constructed on top of mudbrick ED II terrace
M1 staircase built to rise from the plaza to the terrace, could be used as a theater, while the high of the steps are not confortable as too high to rise up
A35 L_V22d2162 J2v209 T901 dM.jpg
F99 on top of first step of ^apron1. Bonded to ^wall2. On top of BT^gl1
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
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N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ stair3
df stair
sm secondary staircase located at the western curve of the revetment wall
>l J5f205
>l J5f257
>l J5f266
ds The staircase consists of five steps, a small wall (^wall12) along its western side, and a landing platform, with an overall length of 5.66 m and a width of 1.08 m. The staircase was constructed on top of a thick accumulation that covers ^escarpment2, indicating that it postdates the escarpment. It is built against Wall ^wall13, and its base lies approximately 0.40 m higher than the base of ^wall13, suggesting that the staircase was also constructed later than the wall. The staircase is aligned along a north–south axis, running parallel to ^wall13. It leads from an open area to the south to a stone-built landing platform to the north. The steps are approximately 1 m wide. Each step is formed by a single large, undressed stone block with a roughly flattened upper surface. The risers range from 0.25 to 0.30 m in height, while the treads measure between 0.30 and 0.65 m in width. The staircase therefore has a slope of approximately 50° and rises through a total height of about 1.20 m, making it relatively steep and difficult to ascend. The first step is built directly on top of the accumulation and consists of two large stone blocks. The southern block is laid perpendicular to the northern one, creating an L-shaped step. Small stones were inserted to fill the gaps between the irregular undressed blocks. A substantial stone substructure is visible along the western side of the staircase. Four large stone blocks, together with numerous medium-sized and smaller stones set in mud mortar, were used to create the desired inclination. The landing platform at the northern end of the staircase lies at the same elevation as the fifth step. Its edge is aligned with the staircase and is formed by five medium-sized stones. The landing is partially covered by stones associated with ^bin1. Alternatively, these stones may represent the remains of additional, poorly preserved steps. If this interpretation is correct, the staircase would have turned 90° to the east and continued upward across Wall ^wall13.
ht 1.20 m
wd 1 m
lg 5.66 m
el 8825 bottom
el 8974 top
or nort-south
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn well preserved
I3 Early Mittani
I10 laid on top of EDIII layers
M1 rises through 5 narrow and steep steps from the plaza (from level of about 88.40 to the level of about 89.70 m) to a higher level, probably where a street is located
A35 L_V22d3121 J5v200 T817 dM.jpg
F99 abuts ^wall13
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
R2 (comparative typologies)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ stair4
df staircase
ds staircase in J5
>l J5f21
sm
ds The stair is trapezoidal in form, flanked on the northern side by a stone wall ^wall16 and on the southern side by the half-moon shaped structure ^bin1. The first step sits directly on top of ^wall13 (visible in a window dug under the southern stone of the first step). To the west and to the east there are free open areas. 5 steps lead from the open free space to the west, to the one to the east, spanning a height of 1 m. The raised space to the east is bounded by a series of walls ^wall16, ^wall14, ^wall18), but the function of this space remains unclear. The steps are built with large and medium sized roughly dressed rectangular stones. Small stones are set on the back of the steps to fill the empty space or under the stones to create an even base for the step. There are several secondary used stones. In the second step, there are two particular stones: the second stone from the north is a dressed stone, showing clear chisel marks. Another stone from the second step has a hole in the front side. The first three steps (steps 1-3) consist of 5 large stones and the last two steps (steps 4-5) consist of 6 medium-sized stones. In step 5, the second stone from the north is missing or was moved to the north, where there is a flat stone, which with regards to the dimensions and form, fits the empty space. Each step has a tread width of about 0.50 m and a rise height of about 0.20 m. This creates a pitch of 21 degrees, therefore the staircase is comfortable to ascend.
ht 1 m
wd 4.68 m
lg 2.46 m
el 9068
el 9157
or east-west
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone
cn the staircase is well preserved, no stones are missing
I3 Mittani
I10 Mittani construction phase
M1 lead from the open free space to the west, to the one to the east
A35 L_V21d4259 J5v118 S903 dM.jpg
F99 on top of ^wall13
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
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N3 (conservation procedures employed)
;escarpment
.ed ZK626
^ escarpment1
df escarpment
>l J1f196
>l J1f309
>l J1f318
>l J5f188
>l J5f225
>l J5f265
>l J5f293
sm early stone and earth escarpment built together with JP^wall6 and JP^wall13, abutting and protecting its base. It slopes sharply south.
ds Its stone-built portion occurs along the western curve of Revetment Wall JP^wall6, where runoff water would have posed the greatest risk of erosion at the foot of the wall. The escarpment has a polygonal plan and is composed of three segments constructed of large and medium-sized, angular stones with relatively flat surfaces, arranged in three to five low steps. The first segment measures 1.66 m in length, the second 9 m, and the third 8.85 m, giving a total preserved length of 19.51 m. Each segment changes direction slightly, by only a few degrees, to the east, following the curvature of the revetment wall. In the western segment, the stones are arranged as a series of clearly defined steps. Here the escarpment reaches its maximum width of 2.80 m and rises through a height of approximately 55 cm. The lowest step lies at an elevation of about 8720 m, while the highest reaches approximately 8800 m. The second and third segments consist of three rows of stones, approximately 1.50 m wide. In these sections, the steps are much lower, spanning only about 0.20 m in height, between elevations of approximately 8750 m and 8770 m. In the western portion, a single obliquely set stone is positioned between the fifth step and Wall JP^wall13. Its upper end is inserted into the lowest visible course of JP^wall13. No comparable oblique stones were identified elsewhere within Stone JP^escarpment1. It is therefore possible that similar stones originally bridged the gap between JP^wall6 and the stepped surface of the escarpment but were subsequently removed or lost. West of the stone-built section, the escarpment continues as an earthen slope that covers the base of Revetment JP^wall6. The earthen escarpment extends between the elevation of approximately 8700 m to 8600 m. It consists of a sequence of deliberately laid deposits forming a steep slope between the base of the revetment wall and the plaza surface. The uppermost layer is composed of very compact clay containing numerous small pebbles and occasional charcoal fragments. The underlying deposits consist of material derived from the surrounding area, including fragments of mudbrick, medium- to large-sized stones, loose sandy soil, and pottery sherds.
ht 55 cm (stone portion)
lg 19.51 m (stone portion)
wd 2.80 m (stone portion)
el 8723 bottom stone escarpment
el 8792 top stone escarpment
el 8675 bottom earth escarpment
el 8720 top earth escarpment
or E-W
nv elevations and measurements are taken from measured drawings
wm lime stone and earth
B13 at the base of revetment wall in the western portion of the plaza in J1 and J5
B20 5 steps
B21 Step 1: 2.50 m wide, consisting of 4 medium size stones, the first western stone is half covered by soil. Step 2: 9.50 m wide, 12 medium stones. A few stones have slipped from their original position by about 5-10 cm. Step 3: 14.60 m wide, 21 medium sized stones, beginning in the west (as step 1 and 2) under a thick accumulation. The step ends abruptly in the east. Step 4: 14 m wide, begins with a large stone partly covered by soil under JP^stair3 and laid in an alternative direction to the others. Similar to steps 1, 2 and 3, it keeps a north-west south-east direction and continues as a step with 20 large to medium sized flagstones with a tread height of about 0.20 m in the western portion. Stone 15 of step 4 is a large block set on a position where the entire structure changes direction and bends slightly to the east with a further 5 stones. Step 5: 12.45 m wide, starts under a thick layer of soil under the first step of JP^stair3. It starts with 4 medium sized flagstones, not laid in a regular row. The step continue to the south-east under a thick accumulation below JP^wall11. Fourteen large and medium sized stones follow the same direction as step 4, 3 and 2 and the 6th stone is a large block set higher than the others (0.23 m high). Under this large stone and its western neighbor, other rough undressed stones are visible. The first visible western stone of step 5 touches the lower visible course of JP^wall6, but then turn away 0.20 m from the wall and from its base (JP^wall8). Step 5 ends abruptly in the east, where the last 3 stones of this step have slipped about 0.30 m to the south. A stone found 1 m to the east is probably still part of this step.
sz 225x40x30 70x45x15 cm
nm size of stones large, medium
tx smooth and flat for most of the stones
sh rectangular and square, but irregualr
cn well preserved in the central and western portions, to the south and east damaged
I3 EDIII
I10 (reason of date)
M1 protect base of revetment wall from ersoion
A35 L_V18d1111 J1v119 P907 dM.jpg
A35 L_V22d3157 J5v214 T830 dM.jpg
A35 L_V22d3192 J5v226 T916 dM.jpg
A35 L_V22d3168 J5v215b T830 dM.jpg
F99 abuts JP^wall13, abuts JP^wall6
Q3 (project publications)
N99 (notes on reference)
R1 (comparative sites)
R2 (comparative typologies)
N3 (conservation procedures employed)
^ escarpment2
df escarpment
>l J1^esc2
>l J2^esc1
sm Second escarpment
ds Later escarpment dating, as the early escarpment, to the ED III. This second escarpment was built on top of the previous one replacing it, too damaged to continue to be used. The aim of this second escarpment was to protect the base of the revetment wall, most of all from the water that damaged JP^escarpment1. So, for this reason, it was built much higher than the previous one, covering about half of the height of the revetment wall. It is constructed of dumping material, most of all bricky material inside which many sealing impressions have been found. This material was brought from two directions: from south and from north, likely from the top of the revetment wall. This material filled the big cut J1f321 made in order to have a better construction of the second escarpment itself.
ht cm
wd cm
lg cm
el bottom
el top
wm cl
I3 EDIII
I10 (reason of date)
M1 protect the lower half of the revetment wall
A35 L_V22d1130 J1v394 T811 dM.jpg
F99 abuts JP^wall6
Q3 (project publications)
Q4 (other publications)
Q5 (reference to urkesh.org)
N99 (notes on reference)