; File processed on 2024-09-12 ; A12a1 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo pit aggregate B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a26 D1 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo k13 G11 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo f6 G11 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo f7 G11 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo f10 G11 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo f15 G11 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j jo f16 G13 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j !! q323 G13 1999-06-11_ZG1183ms.j !! q337 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a2 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo tannur B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a27 D1 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo k14 G11 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo f25 G11 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo f26 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q119 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q124 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q349 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a3 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo tannur B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a28 D1 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo k14 G11 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo f27 G11 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo f28 G12 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo i2 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q116 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q353 G13 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j !! q357 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a4 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo tannur B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a29 D1 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo k15 G11 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo f29 G12 1999-06-15_ZG1183ms.j jo i3 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a5 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo tannur B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a30 D1 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo k15 G11 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo f36 G11 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo f188 G12 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo i4 G12 1999-06-16_ZG1183ms.j jo i6 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a6 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo installation B11 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo niche B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo A12 corresponding number of A10 a31 D1 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo k17 G11 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo f12 G11 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo f13 G11 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo f39 G11 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j jo f70 G13 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j !! q232 G13 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j !! q334 G13 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j !! q335 G13 1999-06-20_ZG1183ms.j !! q345 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a7 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo pit aggregate B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo cut and fill of pit B11 1999-06-26_ZG127ms.j jo a 110cm in diameter pit S k6, 440cm W f41. D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f78 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f79 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q28 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q39 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q68 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q72 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q212 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a8 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo grave B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo child grave B11 1999-06-28_ZG127ms.j jo irregular rectangular shaped grave, 72 cm max length, x 41 cm max width, x 15 cm depth: oriented NW to SE. There are no particular signs of any type of construction related to the grave; it seems to have been simply dug into the ground and its base f95 was levelled. The grave was found in poor condition and the human bones were found mixed in f83 within the boundaries of f84. we only noticed that most of the skull bones were located at the NW end of the grave, next to i14 and i18: the sizes of the grave and of the bones suggest that it was a child burial. D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k8 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f83 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f84 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f95 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i19 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i14 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i15 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i16 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i17 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i18 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q50 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q58 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a9 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo tannur D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k8 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f93 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f94 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q84 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a10 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo grave B10 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab burial B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo animal grave B11 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab skeleton deposition on the ground without any specific construction. The animal skeleton and several metal objects (i20, i21, i22, i23, i24, q73.1) are laid together. Associated with these bronze offerings there is also a small, cylindrical, carneol bead, but there is no pottery. All bones (A12q73 b) are in one bag; we found some large fragments, but are mostly broken into small pieces. C99 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab we took no pictures and did no drawings of the burial because the bones and artifacts come out step by step. The metal artifacts, which are particularly rich and well preserved, laid mostly under the bones. The burial wasn't clearly defined and was very small (different than the animal deposition in A7 MZ10, where the complete skeleton was "carefully" laid down on the ground). D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f98 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i20 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i21 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i22 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i23 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i24 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i25 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q73 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q73.1 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q73.2 G99 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab A12q69.1-ja and A12q69.2-ja were at the same elevation but ca. 80 cm East of a10. They aren't directly associated with the burial, but they are the only vessels in the vicinity. I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA K99 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab Prof. Castelletti J731 did a general analysis about the bones and observed that the bones belong to an old cow, whose teeth were almost completely used. Not all the cow's bones are present. Apparently only some parts of the body's bones were selected (head, lower part of two legs). He couldn't say if this should be associated with some sort of ritual. ; A12a11 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo pit aggregate C1 1999-07-04_J718AB.j ab as we dug the rest of accumulation f40 we found that it is also contained by a circular line of bricks at the S part, as it was the case in the W and N parts. That confirms that it is the filling of the pit, therefore we assigned a feature number for the cut and several feature's numbers equal to f40. C1 1999-07-08_J718AB.j ab f141 is the best accumulation removal from inside the pit a11, below the accumulation the floor of the part is found by the remaining bricks of the wall and the stone foundation f151. C2 1999-07-03_J718AB.j ab since we dug the whole N portion of the filling of a12 (in k5) as f40, we are going to dig the S portion (in k10) by dividing the filling accumulation into number of features, separating them by elevation, since there is no distinct difference in the type of accumulation. D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k10 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f40 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f118 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f123 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f124 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f126 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f128 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f152 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i8 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i9 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i10 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i12 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i27 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i28 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i29 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i30 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q104 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q122 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q123 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q127 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q135 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q138 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q145 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q154 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a12 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo installation B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo andiron D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k9 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f122 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f127 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q120 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a13 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo grave B10 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab burial B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo 1 large and 2 small jars and a human bones B11 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab deposition in the ground. Almost triangular shaped grave. A large jar with rope decoration (i23),laid on the ground, is broken in many pieces but seems to be complete. Inside it there was only dirt, no bones as usually one would expect. Near its rim there were a small, double rim necked jar (q148.3) and a bit higher a broken, incised jar (q148.1). South of the rim of the big jar there was an other broken jar (q143.2), the sherds of which were large and piled in four layers. On top of them laid the skull and many small bones all grouped together. Very unusual deposition. No other offerings seem to be associated with it. D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k9 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f135 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i32 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo i33 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q141 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q148 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q148.1 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q148.2 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q148.3 G99 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab the photos of this burial are v26 and v25. I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA K99 1999-06-30_J803AB.j ab maybe a fallen brick broke the Southern most jar and the skull. ; A12a14 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo pit aggregate D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f137 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f163 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a15 A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo uk D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k8 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f156 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f160 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q190 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q194 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q200 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a16 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo installation B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo drain D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f169 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f170 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q219 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! q332 ; A12a17 A20 !!_!! !! surface A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo pavement D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f96 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f110 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f116 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f146 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f158 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f167 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f172 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f174 ; A12a18 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo burial D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k13 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f177 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f178 G12 1999-06-26_J718JO.j !! i39 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q247 G13 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q248 G14 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo q274.1 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a19 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo tannur D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k13 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f181 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f182 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s80-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h8-MZA ; A12a20 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo wall B11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo = A10 a32 B11 1999-07-05_J718AB.j ab is the A12 number of A10 a32 D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f41 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f45 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f142 ; A12a21 A20 !!_!! !! surface A21 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo pavement B10 1999-07-13_J718OKK.j gb installation D1 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo k6 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f89 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f96 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f110 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f116 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f146 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f158 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f167 G11 1999-06-26_J718JO.j jo f172 L1 1999-07-13_J718OKK.j gb One argument against considering these as regular steps or terracing stages is that they are very distinct in nature (one is bricks, the other is stones). ; A12a22 A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1051 A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1054 B11 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j gb Horseshoe wall of stone, possibly encircling a gate to the East C1 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j lr fan-xi & Carol are sick- I am working with gB continuing digging k16, k18, k19 & resumed k17. C2 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j gb It appears that we have a definite U-shaped gateway, filled with gully wash. We will leave a section moving EW along it's axis (which seems perfectly alined with the cardinal points), and we will expose the two passageways (E&W), trying to reach a floor level at the bottom. If it reaches the level of the base of the perimetral wall of AK, it would be standing up to almost four meters! We should be on the look out for steps (&door sockets?) C2 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j gb We will move the current section to the West so as to have it run through the center of the U. G1 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl a32 H1 2000-07-04_K705JL.j gb Several possible processes are contemplated (see note H2 for description of characteristics that have led us to these possibilities). (1) The fissure reflects a lower structure, which caused settling. It is not clear then why the section does not allow a clear connection of layers on either side of the fissure. (2) A rodent may have opened a way through pre-existing deposition, but this would be possible only for part of what we observe, in particular the soft brown fill at elevation matching q397. (3) There may have been a wooden structure (or wood and matting) that disintegrated (e.g., a curtain wall). But there is no impression along the face of the fissure, nor is there any obvious remanent (though this may have fallen at the bottom). H2 2000-07-04_K705JL.j gb The fissure 321 has two clear faces and very soft dirt, the type found as a secondary fill (e.g., from rodent activity). One face shows scalloping in at least one place. The excavated portion of f303 in section shows a clear upper portion of the same element that corresponds to f321, but it slopes inward and it leans a smooth face on the convex face. Also, tho color appears to be different. Note that the fissure continues all around a33, along the face of the stones. We noted this from the beginning, but it is becoming more and more marked. K4 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j gb Horseshoe shape is definite, and seems to allow an opening of about 150cm to it's Eastern end. O11 2000-06-26_K713AO.j okk v91 O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v91a O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v91b O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v91d O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v91e O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v104 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105a O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v109 O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v109a O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v113 O11 2000-07-13_K713AO.j jl v114 O23 1999-07-22_ZG617em.j gb We will get a view of stones in k15,k16,k19 with section running through it's middle. purpose of section is to show gully wash material for top 2ms. of deposition within gate. ; A12a26 A35 2002-09-07_M911JL.j !! v188a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188a ; A12a27 A35 2002-09-07_M911JL.j !! v188a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188a ; A12a31 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl installation A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1051 A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1054 A98 2000-07-31_K731JL.j jl The relays of all of the steps were very difficult, and so the relays from the center three steps (f315) are inaccurate and should not be used, or used with caution. B11 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl This aggregate contains the whole entrance to the apsidal structure (old k21, new k23 and k24), f302, f283, f286, f281, f239, and f282, as well as any features yet to be discovered within k23 and k24. B11 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl entrance to a22 apsidal structure D1 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k21 G1 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl a32 G9 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k23 G9 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k24 M99 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl Whatever the function of a32 was, it seems impossible that it was used regularly, since the stairway is far too narrow to have admitted regular access. Such a stairway suggests infrequent use. O11 2000-06-26_K713AO.j okk v90 O11 2000-06-26_K713AO.j okk v90a O11 2000-06-26_K713AO.j okk v90b O11 2000-06-26_K713AO.j okk v90c O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v92 O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v92b O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v92c O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v92d O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v93 O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v93a O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v93b O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v93c O11 2000-06-27_K713AO.j jl v93d O11 2000-07-02_K713AO.j lr v97 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v100 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v104 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105a O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v112 O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v112a O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v112b O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v112c O11 2000-07-19_K719JL.j ed v121 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v148a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v151a ; A12a32 A21 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl uk A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1051 A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1054 B11 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl This aggregate is a combination of a22 and a31, so that we can refer to the apsidal structure as a whole, including its entryway, by one title, embracing k23, k24, k25, k26, and k27 (old k21 and k22). B11 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl a22 apsidal structure and a31 entryway taken as a whole C1 2000-07-27_K727JL.j jl In the N wall, there appears to be a stepping down of stones between the wall of a32 and the stone and brick apron f354. This is because we are interpreting the stone apron and the stone circle f353 as an earlier structure, underneath a32. Also, in terms of the overall layout of a32, the walls of the apsidal structure curve in slightly towards the circle before following its curve back out, similar to a keyhole. D1 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k22 G9 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k21 G9 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl k22 G10 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl a22 G10 2000-06-26_K627JL.j jl a31 H2 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl The clarification of the stone ledge, f375, shows that it is a continous part of the north wall of a32. It is also the upper half of f352. A fairly clear seam of mud-mortar separates the stones of the square, a36, from the stones of the circle, a33. The first floor in a37, f348, is much higher than the floor in a33 (which we have not yet reached). f353, the remains of the previous circular stone wall underneath the sherd packing, f349, seems to be in a fairly continous alignment with the stone ledge f375. a33 is becoming very deep, over a meter lower than the floor in a36. H3 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl Finally, the underground structure's architecture is beginning to make sense. It appears that f375 and f352 are the remains of the original western wall of a33, which was once the original extent of the underground building, i.e. it was a stone-lined circular shaft into the earth. At some point, this wall either fell or was knocked down, and a36 was added on in the western half as an entrance area to the building. Another possibility, of course, is that there was an earlier western antechamber, but that it was smaller than a36, and that they were forced to enlarge the hole in the western wall when they built a36. I3 2000-06-28_K701OKK.j okk mkb mentioned that the pottery that was washed from the excavation of f307 and f308 appeared to be very early, Early Simple Ware. That would place this accumulation in Phase 1, Sr 18, the pre-palace phase. This is very interesting because it indicates that the apsidal structure a22 might not have been in use in the palace period because the accumulation pre-dates the AK occupation. It should be noted that this is a preliminary consideration because the pottery sample wasn't large enough to be conclusive, nor was the processing finished. We spoke about this with gb, and he suggested that the structure might not have been visible during the AK occupation. This morning jl, lr, ed and I spoke about all of these possibilities, and lr thought that it was unlikely that this structure wasn't visible because structure W was so close to the surface, and the brick fall and gully wash dip into the apsidal structure. See drawing A12w__. M1 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl Our current understanding of the evidence suggests that a32 was an ancient well of some sort. M99 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl This building continues to surprise us. The clarification of f375 shows that a33 was probably the original extent of the building, and has brought us back to our original idea about the structure's function: a well. Urkesh was clearly a large city even in the middle of the Early Bronze Age, and such a city would have needed a lot of water, which either a large well or many small wells could provide. But if it was a well, why let it fill in? Perhaps the well went dry at a certain point, or perhaps the city was sacked and the well despoiled by invaders. That might explain the thick ash layer f307, which we currently believe immediately postdated the loss of the roof of a32. However, there is no evidence except possibly f307 for such a situation; further, the apparent progression of the pottery within the circle suggests that the accumulation within it occurred over an extended period of time. Further, why have one central well, rather than many smaller ones? gb has pointed out that one large well would probably deplete the water table in its area much more quickly than many smaller wells spread around. Of course, perhaps this is just what happened. Its later use is also unclear; the contents of the fill within the building, especially the circle, resemble the contents of a dump or a pit, but the fill itself seems to clean and orderly to have belonged to a garbage pit. gb has again jokingly raised the idea that it might have been some sort of cage for wild animals, such as a lion, but this idea also has its problems. One, the bone specialists ruled out the possibility of a lion having gnawed on the bones within the circle. Two, the mud ledge f326 seems to be precious little protection against the claws of a lion or other wild beast. Even though this theory is mostly tongue-in-cheek, it illustrates an important point: at some point, presuming that the structure started as a well, it changed its function at the same time that it began to fill in with accumulation. O11 0000-00-00_L715ED.j ed v155 O11 0000-00-00_L715ED.j ed v155a O11 0000-00-00_L715ED.j ed v155b O11 0000-00-00_L715ED.j ed v155c O11 0000-00-00_L715ED.j ed v155d O11 2000-07-02_K713AO.j lr v94 O11 2000-07-02_K713AO.j lr v94a O11 2000-07-02_K713AO.j lr v98 O11 2000-07-04_K713AO.j gb v99 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v102 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v102a O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v104 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105 O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v105a O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v108a O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v108b O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v108c O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v110 O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v110a O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v110b O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v111 O11 2000-07-11_K713AO.j jl v111a O11 2000-07-12_K713AO.j ed v112d O11 2000-07-15_K715JL.j jl v115 O11 2000-07-15_K715JL.j jl v115a O11 2000-07-15_K715JL.j jl v115b O11 2000-07-16_K716JL.j jl v116 O11 2000-07-16_K716JL.j jl v117 O11 2000-07-17_K717JL.j jl v118 O11 2000-07-17_K717JL.j jl v118a O11 2000-07-17_K717JL.j jl v118b O11 2000-07-17_K717JL.j jl v118c O11 2000-07-20_K720JL.j jl v122 O11 2000-07-20_K720JL.j jl v122b O11 2000-07-20_K720JL.j jl v122c O11 2000-07-20_K720JL.j jl v122h O11 2000-07-22_K722JL.j jl v123 O11 2000-07-22_K722JL.j jl v123a O11 2000-07-22_K722JL.j jl v123b O11 2000-07-22_K722JL.j jl v124 O11 2000-07-22_K722JL.j jl v124b O11 2000-07-23_K724JL.j jl v125 O11 2000-07-23_K724JL.j jl v125a O11 2000-07-23_K724JL.j jl v126 O11 2000-07-23_K724JL.j jl v126a O11 2000-07-23_K724JL.j jl v126b O11 2000-07-24_K724JL.j jl v127 O11 2000-07-24_K724JL.j jl v127a O11 2000-07-24_K724JL.j jl v127b O11 2000-07-25_K725JL.j jl v128 O11 2000-07-25_K725JL.j jl v128c O11 2000-07-25_K725JL.j jl v128d O11 2000-07-25_K725JL.j jl v129 O11 2000-07-25_K725JL.j jl v129b O11 2000-07-26_K726JL.j jl v130 O11 2000-07-26_K726JL.j jl v130a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134c O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134d O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134e O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v134f O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v135 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v135a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v135b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v135c O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v135d O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v136 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v136a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137c O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137d O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137e O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137f O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137g O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137h O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v137i O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138c O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138d O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138e O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138f O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138g O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138h O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138i O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138j O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138k O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138l O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138m O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138n O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138o O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138p O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v138q O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v139 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v140 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v141 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v141a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v141b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v142 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v143 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v143a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v143b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v144 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v146 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v146a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v146b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v147 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v147a O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v148 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v148c O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v151 O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v151b O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v152 O11 2001-07-04_L715ED.j jl v154 O11 2001-07-04_L715ED.j jl v154a O11 2001-07-04_L715ED.j jl v154b O11 2001-07-04_L715ED.j jl v154c O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v155e O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v155f O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v155g O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v155h O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v155i O11 2001-07-11_L715ED.j ed v157 O11 2001-07-21_L827JL.j jl v161 O11 2001-07-30_L827JL.j jl v163 O11 2001-07-30_L827JL.j jl v163a O11 2001-07-30_L827JL.j jl v163e O11 2001-07-30_L827JL.j jl v163f O11 2001-07-30_L827JL.j jl v163g O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164 O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164a O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164b O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164e O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164i O11 2001-07-31_L827JL.j jl v164j O11 2001-08-27_L827JL.j jl v165 O11 2001-08-27_L827JL.j jl v165a O11 2001-08-27_L827JL.j jl v166 O11 2001-08-27_L827JL.j jl v166a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167b O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v168 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v169 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v170 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171b O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171c O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v173 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174c O11 2002-09-04_M904JL.j jl v179 O11 2002-09-04_M904JL.j jl v179a O11 2002-09-04_M904JL.j jl v180 O11 2002-09-04_M904JL.j jl v180b O11 2002-09-04_M904JL.j jl v181 O11 2002-09-05_M906MS.j jl v182 O11 2002-09-05_M906MS.j jl v183 O11 2002-09-05_M906MS.j jl v184 O11 2002-09-05_M906MS.j jl v185 O11 2002-09-05_M906MS.j jl v185a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j jl v186 O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j jl v186a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j jl v186b O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j jl v190 O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v187 O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v187a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188 O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188a O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188b O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188c O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v188d O11 2002-09-07_M911JL.j ms v189 O11 2002-09-09_M911JL.j jl v192 O11 2002-09-09_M911JL.j jl v193 O11 2002-09-09_M911JL.j jl v194 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v195 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v196 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v196a O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v197 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v197a O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v198 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v198a O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v199 O11 2002-09-10_M914MS.j jl v200 O11 2002-09-11_M914JL.j ms v204 O11 2002-09-11_M914JL.j ms v205 O11 2002-09-11_M914JL.j ms v205b O11 2002-09-11_M914JL.j ms v205d O11 2002-09-11_M914JL.j ms v206 O11 2002-09-11_M914MS.j ms v201 O11 2002-09-11_M914MS.j ms v202 O11 2002-09-11_M914MS.j ms v203 O11 2002-09-11_M914MS.j ms v204a O11 2002-09-13_M914JL.j jl v208 O11 2002-09-13_M914JL.j jl v208a O11 2002-09-13_M914JL.j jl v208b O11 2002-09-13_M914JL.j jl v209 O11 2002-09-13_M914JL.j jl v210a O11 2002-09-13_M922MS.j jl v209a O11 2002-09-13_M922MS.j ms v207b O11 2002-09-15_M915JL.j dc v212 O11 2002-09-15_M915JL.j dc v212a O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224 O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224a O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224b O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224c O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224d O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224e O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v224f O11 2002-09-22_M923MS.j ms v225a O11 2003-08-29_N920jl.j jl v286 O11 2003-08-29_N920jl.j jl v286a O11 2003-08-29_N920jl.j jl v286b O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v287 O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v288 O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v289 O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v290 O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v291 O11 2003-09-10_N920jl.j jl v292 ; A12a33 A21 2000-06-27_K627JL.j jl uk A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1051 A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1054 B11 2000-06-27_K627JL.j gb equals ^rm W3 B11 2000-06-27_K627JL.j jl At gb's request, I have made the circular area, k27, into an aggregate of its own. Although its function is still unknown, it is clearly distinct from the accumulation adjacent to it, and probably deserves its own aggregate number. B11 2000-06-27_K627JL.j jl circular area within apsidal structure B11 2000-07-31_K731JL.j jl a33 also includes any features found within k27 this season, since the aggregate is defined by the fissure f321/subsidance of the area, and therefore includes everything that had accumulated before the fissure came into existence. D1 2000-06-27_K627JL.j jl k27 G9 2000-06-27_K627JL.j jl k27 H2 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl We have always presumed that a32 (and hence a33) predated the AP building, since the walls of the AP building were clearly built to accomodate its presence, i. e. they change course to skirt around it. The top level of the eastern wall of a33, being at approximately the same elevation as the first floors in AP, also gives a fairly good indication of the level of the tell surface at that location at the time that AP was constructed, i. e. the ground was already higher there than around the AK building. The level of the floors of the AK building, however, are much lower than the top of a33, suggesting that the tell surface was lower around the AK building, or that there was a fairly significant slope already in existence at that time. H3 2000-07-04_K705JL.j gb The marked fissure all around this aggregate suggest that the accumulation inside it shrank towards the center, possibly as a result of subsidence. H3 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl If the hypothesized slope did in fact exist, and if the a33 shaft was dug straight down into the hillside, it seems possible that part of the western wall of a33 would have been exposed to view. The walls of a32 do not appear to have ever been freestanding, nor do they appear capable of ever having stood without earth behind them for support. However, since the original western wall no longer exists, it strikes me as possible that the construction technique could have been different, a difference about which we cannot comment because it is unobservable now. If it was exposed to the elements and to view, then this might explain why it no longer exists, that it was not built strongly enough for such wear. However, this theory has problems, for example, height of a36. This construction also does not seems to have ever been freestanding, and so must have been dug into something, the height of which would have been nearly equal with the top of a33. Perhaps the retaining walls which terraced the tell underneath the AP building also brought the level of the tell surface up to that elevation further out west, necessitating or precipitating the construction of a36. This theory still needs more development and consideration. M1 2000-06-27_K627JL.j gb a kiln? but no waster O11 2000-08-07_K807SMP.j smp v148b O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167b O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v170 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171b O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171c O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v173 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v174c ; A12a34 A21 2000-07-05_K706JL.j okk pb A35 2000-07-05_K713AO.j !! v101 B11 2000-07-05_K706JL.j okk scattered line of stones S of south wall of a32 D1 2000-07-05_K706JL.j okk k22 G11 2000-07-05_K706JL.j okk f322 G11 2000-07-05_K706JL.j okk f332 H2 2000-07-05_K705JL.j ed Floating stones appear to be in a line parallel to the S part of the apsidal structure. Stones are the same type used for the walls of the apsidal structure. We see that stones are probably missing. I1 2000-07-10_K710JL1.j !! s2 I1 2001-09-16_L915JL1.j !! s4 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s140-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h7m-MZA O11 2000-07-05_K713AO.j jl v101 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v169 ; A12a35 A1 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl f342 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl installation A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1103 B11 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl sherd-stone-bone installation C99 2000-07-31_K731JL.j jl Excavating a35, we discovered that it was very shallow, similar to the pit f325 above it. It was also directly in line with the doorway of the apsidal structure. D1 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl k27 G11 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl f342 G12 2000-07-18_K718JL.j !! i99 G12 2000-07-18_K718JL.j !! i100 G12 2000-07-18_K718JL.j !! i101 G13 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl q695 G13 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl q696 G13 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl q697 I1 2000-07-10_K710JL1.j !! s5 I1 2001-09-16_L915JL1.j !! s6 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s400-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h6z-MZA M1 2000-07-31_K731JL.j jl Presuming that the apsidal structure did have some sort of religious/ritual function, then the installation was probably related to this usage. What specifically it was, however, is still a mystery. It would be worth examining the bones when we have a specialist available to do that. O11 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl v120 O11 2000-07-18_K718JL.j jl v120a ; A12a36 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl structure A35 2001-02-26_M815JL.j jl V13d1051 B11 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl The square part of a32, i. e. the western half. It seems to have been added on later to the original structure, a33, but the reason for this is still unclear. D1 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl k26 G9 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl k26 M1 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl This room was probably the entrance to the underground structure a32, a later addition after the collapse/removal of the western wall of a33. M99 2001-08-13_L913JL.j jl We do not understand at this point the reason for the construction of a36. If a32 was in fact a regular well, why was the stairway built so narrow? It is too narrow to have been effectively used to supply water to any significant number of people. Also, what need could there have been of an antechamber to a well? Even if the structure had a ritual purpose, the stairs still seem unnecessarily difficult. O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v167 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v168 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v170 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v171c O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v172 O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v172a O11 2001-09-18_L918jl.j jl v173 ; A12a38 A20 !!_!! !! installation A21 2003-08-19_N920jl.j jl pit aggregate A35 2003-08-28_N920jl.j !! v276 B11 2004-06-02_O602jl.j jl This is the final overhead photo of the excavations within the circle, a33. It shows clearly the area of white material (f449, f446, f440) concentrated in the south-east corner of the locus. D1 2003-08-19_N920jl.j jl k30 G11 2003-08-19_N920jl.j jl f447 G11 2003-08-19_N920jl.j jl f448 I1 2003-09-21_N921jl.j !! s6 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s700-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h3b-MZA O11 2003-08-28_N920jl.j jl v276 O11 2003-08-28_N920jl.j jl v282 ; A12a39 A21 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl ly B11 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl white phytolith layer D1 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl k31 G9 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl k29 G9 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl k30 G9 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl k31 G11 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl f440 G11 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl f446 G11 2003-09-20_N920jl.j jl f449 I1 2003-09-21_N921jl.j !! s7 I1 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! s700-A12A I3 2024-08-11_ZI811mS.j !! h3b-MZA