A Grammar of the Archaeological Record (Version 2, Beta release)

Epistemics

Introductory

Giorgio Buccellati – March 2026

Epistemics refers to how knowledge is articulated and conveyed.

In the case of archaeology, it refers to the way in which the data extracted from the soil become part of a logically coherent system. We may refer to this as a process of “grammaticalization”. In and of itself, the physical record is inert and opaque, a mass of bits and pieces that do not emerge from the ground in any meaningful configuration. They become properly “known” when they are inserted into a grammatical system.

There are three aspects to epistemics so understood.

  1. Organization. – A system must be established that accounts for all the pieces as found.
  2. Process. – There are several operations through which the data are acquired and then integrated into the grammatical system.
  3. Publication. – Grammaticalization is not an end in itself. It rather serves as a trampolin for making the data available “publically.” In other words, grammar is intrinsically related to publishing.

In the section that follows, I will discuss some of the basic principles that inform epistemic analysis as it refers to archaeology.

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